Here is the answer to In muscle cells, fermentation produces _.
It belonged to the MCAT practice test (Biochemistry part ).
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _.
- Carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP
- Pyruvate
- Lactate, NADH, and ATP
- Carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+
- Lactate and NAD+
The correct answer about In muscle cells fermentation produces is below.
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What is muscle cells?
Muscle cells are the general term for the mobile, contractile cells in animals.
Muscle cells are thin and long, also called muscle fibers, but are different from the fibers in connective tissue. Muscle cells contain myogenic fibers, which form the longitudinal pattern seen under the microscope. Muscle cells are capable of contraction and relaxation, unlike all other tissues, and are the driving force behind the movement of the body’s organs.
Structural characteristics of muscle cells
The structure of Muscle cells is characterized by the presence of a large number of myofilaments in the cell. They are the source of power for the movement of the body and limbs, as well as for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion and other physiological activities in the body.
The matrix of the Muscle cell is called sarcoplasm, the endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the cell membrane of the Muscle cell is called sarcolemma.
There is a small amount of connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels between the muscle fibers. When the nerve is constituted into muscle tissue, each muscle cell is generally spindle-shaped or even fibrous in shape, specially called muscle fibers.
Systolic function
The various forms of movement in the human body are mainly accomplished by the contraction activity of some muscle cells.
For example, various movements of the body and respiratory actions are performed by contraction of skeletal muscles; the ejection activity of the heart is performed by contraction of cardiac muscles; the movement of some hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels is performed by contraction of smooth muscles.
Different muscle tissues have their own functional and structural characteristics. However, at the molecular level, various contractile activities are associated with the interaction of contractile proteins contained within the cells, mainly with myocardin and myofibrillar proteins.
The control of systolic and diastolic processes also has certain similarities. The most adequate skeletal muscle is the focus to illustrate the contractile mechanism of myocytes.
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body, accounting for approximately 40% of body weight. With the cooperation of bones and joints, various somatic movements in humans and higher animals are accomplished by contraction and diastole of skeletal muscles.
Skeletal muscle consists of a large number of bundles of muscle fibers, each of which is a myocyte. Adult muscle fibers are elongated and cylindrical, about 60 μm in diameter, and can be several millimeters or even tens of centimeters long.
In most muscles, the bundles and muscle fibers are arranged in parallel. They are fused at both ends to tendons made of connective tissue, which are attached to the bone. Usually the skeletal muscles of the extremities span at least one joint between the points of attachment, and through the contraction and diastole of the muscles, they may cause flexion and extension of the limb.
People’s productive work, various physical activities, etc., are the result of many skeletal muscles with each other’s activities. Each skeletal muscle fiber is an independent functional and structural unit. They are innervated by at least one motor nerve endings. And in vivo skeletal muscle fibers can only contract when nerve impulses are transmitted from the nerve fibers innervating them.
Thus, all skeletal muscle activity in the body is under the control of the central nervous system.
In what part of the cell does fermentation occur?
Fermentation in a broad sense is a biochemical process that uses the metabolic functions of living organisms, including microorganisms, plant cells, yeasts, etc., to break down organic matter.
For example, brewing wine, making vinegar, fermentation of dough, production of biogas, and decay of garbage.
The concept of fermentation in a narrow sense refers to the process by which microorganisms convert sugars into ethanol through anaerobic oxidation.
Fermentation is divided into aerobic and anaerobic (anaerobic) fermentation.
For example, wine is fermented under anaerobic conditions, while vinegar is fermented under aerobic conditions.
In eukaryotic cells, the first process (anaerobic respiration phase) occurs in the cytoplasmic matrix. The second process (aerobic phase) takes place in the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells completely oxidize and decompose organic substances such as sugars with the participation of oxygen through the catalytic action of enzymes to produce carbon dioxide and water, while releasing large amounts of energy.
Aerobic respiration is the main form of respiration in higher animals and plants.
Therefore, the common term respiration refers to aerobic respiration. The main site of aerobic respiration in cells is the mitochondria. Generally speaking, glucose is the most common substance used by cells for aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the process by which cells break down organic substances such as glucose into incomplete oxidation products and release small amounts of energy through enzymatic catalysis in the absence of oxygen.
This process is called anaerobic respiration for higher plants, higher animals, and humans. In the case of microorganisms (e.g., lactate bacteria, yeast), it is customarily called fermentation. The site of anaerobic respiration in cells is the cytoplasmic matrix.
Correct Answer
- Here is the correct answer to In muscle cells, fermentation produces _.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces lactate and NAD+.
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