Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?

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Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?

1. post-transcriptional splicing
2. translation in the absence of a ribosome
3. concurrent transcription and translation
4. gene regulation

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are a group of primitive unicellular organisms with a nucleus without a nuclear membrane envelope and only bare DNA called the nucleolar region is present.

Prokaryotes include bacteria, actinomycetes, rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, cyanobacteria, and archaea. They are all unicellular prokaryotes with simple structures and tiny individuals, usually 1-10 µm, which are only one-tenth to one-tenth of the size of eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes, in the broad sense of bacteria, refer to a large group of primitive unicellular organisms with a nucleus without a nuclear membrane and only a nucleolar region called the nucleus. It includes two major groups, eubacteria, and archaea.

However, archaea are distinct from bacteria because they have many characteristics of eukaryotes. Therefore, archaea are not included in this group but are described separately.

Prokaryotes can be classified into seven major groups, including bacteria in the narrow sense, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes, and rickettsia, based specifically on their appearance characteristics and other aspects.

Diversity of prokaryotes

Although it is not complete, although it is simple, can survive long in this competitive environment will have their own exclusive skills – the diversity of prokaryotes.

For example, diversity of cell morphology, diversity of movement, diversity of growth and development, diversity of cell structure, diversity of cell chemistry, diversity of metabolic function, diversity of genetic variation, etc.

Therefore, prokaryotes have a biological resource of extremely high utilization value. This resource is not only expressed in the infinite metabolic traits of almost all organisms that are closely related to human survival. It is also expressed as a colorful world of microorganisms.

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes are a large group of organisms that have a nuclear membrane in their nucleus, are capable of mitosis, and have multiple organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts in their cells.

The eukaryotes include protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals.

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and relatively large cell size and a fast growth rate compared to prokaryotes.

Eukaryotes are usually heterotrophic microorganisms, which can derive a variety of organic acids in the process of growth and reproduction. In the leaching process, it is easy to form complexes with metal ions, which is beneficial to the leaching of valuable metals.

There are many eukaryotes that can grow in an acidic environment. But more research is mainly using fungi for leaching, the main genus Aspergillus (Aspergillus) and Penicillium (Penicillium), leaching of mineral species are mainly nickel laterite, chalcopyrite, manganese ore, oceanic nodules, etc.

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

1. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus composed of chromosomes, nucleolus, nuclear fluid, double nuclear membrane, etc.. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membrane or nucleolus, so there is no real nucleus, but only a nucleus composed of concentrated nucleic acids, also called the nucleolar region.
2. Transcription in eukaryotic cells is mostly carried out in the nucleus, but also in semi-self-help organelles. The transcription takes place mostly in the nucleus, but also in semi-self-help organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm. In contrast, transcription in prokaryotic cells is cross-linked with protein synthesis.
3. Eukaryotic cells have organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. Prokaryotic cells do not.
4. In eukaryotes, except for some lower groups of cells, there are 5 or 4 histones on the chromosomes that bind to DNA and form nucleosomes . In prokaryotes, there are none.
5. Eukaryotic cells have a special DNA replication period in the cell cycle. Prokaryotic cells do not, and their DNA replication is often continuous.
6. Eukaryotic cells have mitosis, which prokaryotic cells do not.
7. Eukaryotic cells have a well-developed microtubule system, with flagella (cilia), centrioles, spindle bodies, etc., all associated with microtubules, whereas prokaryotes do not.
8. Eukaryotic cells have a microfibrillary system composed of actin and myosin. The latter is closely related to cytoplasmic loop flow and phagocytosis. Prokaryotes do not have such a system, and therefore do not have cytoplasmic circulation and phagocytosis.
9. The ribosomes of eukaryotic cells are of type 80S, while those of prokaryotes are of type 70S. There is a clear difference between the two in terms of chemical composition and morphological structure.
10. Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, which are wrapped in a double layer of membrane and have their own unique genome, nucleic acid synthesis system and protein synthesis system. The inner membrane has an electron transport chain associated with oxidative phosphorylation.
11. Eukaryotic cells are large, typically 10-100 microns. Prokaryotic cells are smaller, about 1 to 10 microns.
12. Eukaryotes generally contain organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts, etc.), while prokaryotes have organelles without membrane wrapping.
13. eukaryotic metabolism is aerobic, except for amitochondriats. prokaryotic metabolism is of various types.
14. Eukaryotic cell walls are composed of cellulose or chitin, while animals do not have cell walls. In prokaryotic eukaryotes, it is peptidoglycan.
15. eukaryotic plants and animals have sexual meiotic fertilization and mitosis, while prokaryotes reproduce by bifurcation or germination and fission.
16. eukaryotic genetic recombination is recombination during meiosis, prokaryotes are unidirectional gene transfer.
17. eukaryotic flagella are coiled and composed mainly of microtubule proteins, prokaryotic flagella are rotating and composed of flagellin.
18. eukaryotes respire through mitochondria, prokaryotes through membranes.

Structural differences

Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane (with a formed nucleus) and a variety of organelles, prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane (no formed nucleus) organelles only ribosomes.

Correct Answer

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