Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

This is the answer to the biology question: Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP? We collected it as the MCAT practice test (biology part).

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

The correct answer and explanation are below.

Firstly, let’s know about the ATP.

ATP

ATP is formed in the electron transport chain of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound. In the cell, it can store and release energy by interconversion with ADP. This ensures the energy supply for all cellular activities.

ATP in the human body

There are about 50.7g of ATP in the human body, which can only sustain vigorous exercise for 0.3 seconds. ATP and ADP can be converted rapidly, maintaining a kind of balance. the process of converting ADP to ATP requires energy.

ATP can be formed when ADP combines with phosphate group and gets 8 kcal energy.

For animals, humans, fungi and most bacteria, it comes from the energy released from the breakdown of organic matter when cells undergo respiration. For green plants, in addition to relying on the energy released by respiration, the conversion of ADP to ATP during photosynthesis in the chloroplast also uses light energy.

When ATP undergoes hydrolysis, ADP is formed and phosphate is released, along with energy. This energy is then utilized in the cell. The movement produced by muscle contraction, the activity of nerve cells, and all other activities in the organism utilize the energy produced during the hydrolysis of ATP.

Regeneration and Conversion

ATP is easily regenerated in cells and is therefore a constant source of energy. This process of using the energy released from exergonic reactions for energy-absorbing reactions through the hydrolysis and synthesis of ATP is called the ATP cycle.

Because ATP is a commonly used carrier of energy in cells, it is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell. The energy supply mechanism of interconversion of ATP and ADP in cells is common to live organisms.

Principle of coordination

Due to the presence of N elements on the imidazole ring and benzene ring, as well as N elements on the amino group of the benzene ring. They all have lone pairs of electrons, and coordination reactions may occur when metal ions are added to the solution.

In acidic solutions, there is competition between hydrogen ions and metal ions, i.e., the concentration of hydrogen ions is too large.

The coordination ability of the benzene ring, the imidazole ring, and the nitrogen element on the amino group is different, and the stronger the coordination ability, the easier the coordination reaction with the metal ion.

Phosphorylates

Phosphorylation is the process of adding phosphate groups to biochemical reactions and absorbing energy to rebuild high-energy bonds.

Organisms depend on external energy to sustain life, and animal cells use the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules through internal respiration.

Energy is regulated by high-energy compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from exergonic to energy-absorbing reactions of catabolism.

ATP loses its terminal phosphate group during hydrolysis and is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the release of energy.

If glucose is phosphorylated at the 6th carbon atom during enzymatic, ATP provides the phosphate group and energy for it, called glucose phosphorylation. Conversely, the synthesis of ATP from ADP requires the addition of a phosphate group and the provision of energy.

How many ways are there to produce ATP in an organism?

ATP is produced in two ways in living organisms.

1) Substrate level phosphorylation

The energy in the substrate molecule is transferred directly to ADP in the form of high-energy bonds to produce ATP, a process called substrate horizontal phosphorylation, which takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria.

2) Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidation and phosphorylation are two different concepts. Oxidation is the process of dehydrogenation or loss of electrons of a substrate, while phosphorylation is the process of synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.

In structurally intact mitochondria, the two processes of oxidation and phosphorylation are tightly coupled, i.e., the energy released by oxidation is used for ATP synthesis. This process is oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidation is the basis for phosphorylation, while phosphorylation is the result of oxidation.

The main source of energy in the metabolic process of the organism is the mitochondria. There is both oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation, with the former being the main source.

Substrate level phosphorylation in the cytosol also yields some of the energy, which is actually the source of energy for the enzymatic process. It is important for the source of energy in enzymatic tissues, red blood cells, and tissues in relative hypoxia.

Correct Answer

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